[personal profile] progenes
Вчера [livejournal.com profile] vigna подкинула ссылочку на феерический бред в Литературной газете. Писал статью, кстати, профессор, доктор медицинских наук.

Два первых абзаца просто пурга, но вот третий. На третьем я сдохла.

Почему клоны столь нежизнеспособны? Одно из объяснений в том, что не только ДНК (дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота) клеточного ядра ответственна за генетику, но также цитоплазма, внутриклеточная среда, в которой «плавает» ядро. Это доказала американка Барбара Мак-Клинток, за что ей 1983 году присудили Нобелевскую премию. (Барбара Мак-Клинток получила Нобелевскую премию совершенно не за это, а за открытие мобильных элементов генома. Она же создала первую генетическую карту кукурузы.)

Крупнейшее открытие! Объясняет передачу от одних бактерий к другим устойчивости к антибиотикам и многое другое! (Да, действительно много объясняет, но это если еще знать, что бактерии вообще-то безъядерные организмы. )

Но овечка Долли умерла, а раньше умерла та генетика, которую с избыточной страстностью критиковал Лысенко. Законы Грегора Менделя, детализированные Морганом, оказались точны лишь для гороха, на котором экспериментировал первооткрыватель этих законов – любознательный богемский монах. (А что? В медицине законы Менделя уже все? Отменили? Быстро что-то. )

На дальше уже совершення пурга: "Эксперты по прошествии времени считают вклад Т.Д. Лысенко в науку, и тем более в практику, большим, чем, например, И.П. Павлова. Но наш великий физиолог и нобелевский лауреат держал фигу в кармане против властей, за что его, возможно, отравили; но, с другой стороны, его репутация осталась безупречной." (Интересно, что за эксперты и в чем, собственно заключается вклад Лысенко?)

"... погибший в тюрьме Н.И. Вавилов крайне мало сделал для науки и практики, зато много путешествовал, заводил на Западе знакомства, имел там счета в банках («но кто об этом не мечтает?»). И растрачивал государственные средства без отдачи." (То есть учение о мировых центрах происхождения культурных растений, сформулированный закон гомологичных рядов, который по значению для науки приравнивается к таблице Менделеева, я уже не говорю о масштабных коллекциях семян, это все не вклад в науку и практику, то я уже даже не знаю, как может выглядеть достойный вклад)

UPD: Посмотрела статью в Википедии о Лысенко. Раздел обсуждение. Судя по свежим датам, дискуссия продолжатеся. [livejournal.com profile] kouprianov отстаивает генетику. Пока еще вполне успешно.

Our paper in Nature 2006

Date: 2009-03-22 05:57 am (UTC)
From: (Anonymous)
I don't have Russian keybourd, sorry...

The story is somewhat more complicated than correct or incorrect use of NEURON for simulations...

(i) To start with, in the paper we were talking about inability of the HH model to capture properties of action potential in neocortical neurons - which is different form rejection of the whole theory. The HH theory does work fine, say for snail neurons, and definitely for gaint squid axons for which it was developed...
And the essence of the HH theory is that it formalized the relation between operation of the ionic channels, currents and changes of the membrane potential - so explained electrogenesis in neurons; the specific way sodium channels are activated is just one detail of the HH theory.
Btw - a recent study of sodium currents in central mammalian neurons showed that HH does not describe their kinetics... (Baranauskas, Martina, J Neurosci 2006).

(ii) In the comment from David McCormick lab, they claim to record HH-type action potentials in the axons, where spikes are initiated. However, recordings were actually made from "blebs", cut ends of axons on the slice surface, which the same authors describe in their Nature paper as clearly pathological structures. In fact, blebs undergo dramatic reorganisation after cutting, and are more like grouth cones. I have certain problems accepting that APs recorded in blebs are really the same as in normal initial segments.
In fact, the only really axonal recordings I am aware of are those of Greg Stuart and colleagues. In their 1997 JPhysiol paper, axonal spikes look pretty much like somatic, with sharp onsets. In the most recent papers from his lab (Neuron 2008; NatNeurosci 2008) axonal spikes do look more smooth. However, they did not specifically analyze how sharp the APs were. Problem is, that even if an AP initiated about 40 micrometers from the soma is smooth (HH-type), NEURON models have hard times to make them sharp in the soma (see iii).

(iii) The fact that AP is generated in the axon initial segment and backpropagates to the soma does not automatically mean, that the signal recorded in the soma will have a sharp onset. With realistic parameters, NEURON models reproducing AP initiation in the initial segment, have still smooth onset of APs in the soma. To get sharp onset of somatic AP, very specific settings are required, and these requirements are not realistic. Moreover, even when the sharp onset of somatic APs is achieved with these specific settings, APs generated with such models start to express other funny properties.
In fact, we have shown that to David McCormick while preparing our reply to their comment - but they decided to ignore this.
We are trying to publish this... which is not easy... our opponents published since 2006 much more than we did ...

(iv) As for cooperativity of sodium channel activation - well, this was a solution we were able to suggest. And it worked. Which does not prove that cooperativity between sodium channels really exists - we are well aware of that (cooperativity had been shown for some other channels though). But we do not have an alternative explanation, and the one suggested by McCormick does not work too.

Well, I can talk about the topic kind of forever, but will stop at this point.

As you may see from the above, I do not think we made fatal mistakes in our paper, and I do not see a reason to call it back. Btw - the paper was reviewed by 5 referees, which is more than it usually takes, I believe...

As to the rumours about somebody very famous who refused to collaborate with us (or we refused to?),
I am not aware of that. And frankly, I don't really care much about rumours...

Cheers
Maxim Volgushev








Re: Our paper in Nature 2006

Date: 2009-03-23 05:38 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] shao-s.livejournal.com
Dear Maxim,

I wouldn't like to discuss ethical points of this story: despite of my or whoever else's personal opinion this sort of arguments can't be used for the verification of a scientific research. So, if you still agree to continue this topic I would like to ask you a couple of particular questions.

1. Did David McCormick provide any objections to your NEURON-based modelling other than shown in their Nature-published comment? The point is that it's a bit hard to accept that opponent's counterarguments can be just ignored in a discussion in such a high-profile journal.

2. About the channels' cooperativity: unfortunately I failed to find a paper which shows the cooperative activation of ion channels in a context that you use (cooperation of conformation changes between whole channels rather than between subunits or subdomains) neither in your reference list nor in PubMed. So could I ask you please to give a title of the article(s) that you meant saying "cooperativity had been shown for some other channels though"? The thing is that it's quite hard for me to imagine an experiment which allows to show directly this kind of cooperation for axonal ion channels; and seems that data from ligand-gated ion channels located on soma or dendrites can't be adopted directly for such a specific object as axonal VGSCs are.

I wrote in English just for the case if you computer does not have Cyrillic fonts installed. If it's not the case, we can communicate in Russian.

Re: Our paper in Nature 2006

Date: 2009-03-24 10:10 pm (UTC)
From: (Anonymous)
Dear Shao

yes, I agree it's pointless to discuss rumours; however I still could not refrain and not to comment to a kind of personal accusation... And I still wonder who is that "big channel person" you mentioned. If you don't want to make the name public, you may send me an email; I think we can clarify the issue then. Well, it's your choice, whether to do this or not. I respect your incognito...

Russian is fine, my computer does show it and it's my pleasure to read it (but I still do not have keyboard, and frankly did not type Russian for a while).

To your questions.
1. Objections to our NEURON based modelling. To clarify: we did NEURON modelling for the reply to comments, in the original paper modelling was not in NEURON. In the first version of NEURON model we used for the figure we intended to publish there was indeed a mistake (wrong connection between segments, and indeed it was found by David McCormick in our file).
This our (rather stupid, I must add...) mistake was used well to prevent publishing this figure in our reply. Which does not change the fact that distal initiation of AP and its backpropagation to the soma does not necessarily lead to a sharp onset of somatic AP. Btw - our TTX argument (that AP onset in the soma becomes smooth under low concentration of TTX in the bath) is also consistently and successively ignored, both in the McCormick et al comment on the paper as well as in their recent JNeurosci paper. You can find some details in "The elusive action potential" draft, see my old homepage
http://www.neurop.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/~maxim/, link to the Action Potential site.
Well, here again I can talk a lot about the story...

2. Cooperativity of channels. Yes, it's hard to imagine direct demonstration of cooperativity of axonal sodium channels. So we were glad to find evidence on cooperativity for other channels
(Molina et al. J Biol Chemistry 281:18837-18848, 2006; Dekker, Yellen J Gen Physiol 128: 561-5672006; Marx et al. Science 281:818-821, 1998; Marx et al. Circulation Research 88:1151-1158, 2001), including sodium channels from cardiac myocytes (Undrovinas et al. Circ Res 71, 1231-1241, 1992). I agree, that this does not mean that cooperativity between sodium channels in axons of neocortical cells exists, but it does show that cooperativity is not as exotic a mechanism as some people are trying to label it...

Hope this helps,
Maxim






Re: Our paper in Nature 2006

Date: 2009-03-25 05:26 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] shao-s.livejournal.com
Ну что ж, давайте тогда по-русски.

По поводу цитированных слухов, и прочего с этим связанного, я отправил вам письмо (на maxim[ё]neurop.rub.dе).

Теперь по сути.

Разумеется, я не тешу себя иллюзией, что смогу с ходу понять проблему лечше, чем рецензенты Nature. Потому ограничусь общими соображениями.
Сначала по второму абзацу.
Да, я видел некоторые из статей, ссылки на которые вы дали. Однако не рассматривал их, т.к. искал материал именно по натриевым каналам ЦНС. Один только вопрос, несколько в сторону от общей темы: не может ли быть так, что описанное вами в статье изменение профиля потенциала действия при частичном тетродотоксиновом блоке является косвенным свидетельством наличия в ЦНС TTX-резистентных натриевых каналов (TTX-r sodium channels), кинетика которых, как было много где показано, заметно отличается от ТТХ-чувствительных? Да, я знаю о принципиальной картине распределения натриевых каналов в организме; но, в конце концов, в спинном мозге TTX-r уже нашли.
Теперь основное.
НЕЙРОН, как программа, базирующаяся на Х-Х-модели, предусматривает более простой механизм генерации той картины, которую вы описали альтернативными моделями (к тому же они обе достаточно специфичны для задач, принятых при разработке, особенно описанная у Destexhe & Pare, J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1531-1547, 1999). В естественнонаучном сообществе бритва Оккама при рассуждениях применяется рефлекторно - потому ваш подход и вызвал вал критики. Тем более, что прямой эксперимент на подтверждение теории в обозримом будущем поставить невозможно.

Это всё, разумеется, всего лишь личные ощущения от события.

Re: Our paper in Nature 2006

Date: 2009-04-03 04:08 am (UTC)
From: (Anonymous)
Dear Shao,

yes, I got your email about possible origin of some of your gossip, and in which you say that you are prepared to apologize. I hope this means that you will not spread abusing lies anymore...
Btw –my friend at UCL told me that he is pretty sure that none of serious people at UCL would ever subscribe to the rubbish you wrote and attempted to sell as “... общее настроение и отношение к предмету в профессиональных кругах...”.
That much about ethics...

To your considerations.
You have correctly estimated the level of your understanding of the problem – it is poor indeed...

Channel cooperativity. If there would be clear published biophysical evidence for cooperativity of Na channels in axons of central neurons – we would have little reason to write a paper presenting cooperativity as a hypothesis, and Nature would have little reason to publish such a paper.

TTX-resistant Na channels can’t explain our results. TTX alters the onset dynamics of action potentials at low (10x nano-molar) concentrations, but blocks them completely at micro-molar concentration. In fact, this can be seen in Fig. 5f, which shows recovery of action potential generation during TTX washout. The gap (and 0 rapidness) means no APs. Well, to see that one would need to read and understand all 4 pages, not just look through the abstracts, as you have suggested above...

NEURON. To start with, it is simulation environment, so it’s plainly incorrect to refer to it as based on what-so-ever model. Say, cooperativity model can be implemented in NEURON too. Or integrate-and-fire model.

Specificity of the models to the tasks... The model of Colbert, Pan (NatNeurosci 2002) was specifically aimed at explaining AP initiation.

As I told before, HH models, including multicompartmental with spike initiation in the axon initial segment, cannot describe experimental data. Certainly, this holds if to take into account the whole spectrum of experimental data (e.g. AP onset dynamics, overall shape, TTX data...), as well as constraints set by the known data on cell morphology, electrophysiology and channel distribution. However, if to misuse the razor that you like to mention in vain, for cutting out facts and features which do not fit or could not be explained by the theory – well, then there is no need for alternative models, and actually no need for experiments as well...

Cheers,
Maxim


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